• Have you ever been requested or persuaded by other people to do something and you fell for it ? 
• Have you questioned why or how they made it worked and you not ? 
• Social Psychology, of course.

The FOUR WAYS TO GAIN COMPLIANCE

Foot-in-the-door technique

when asking for a small request

 

and it is granted, you will 

ask for a bigger request

Door-in-the-face technique

is when your large request is being rejected 

and eventually you will ask for a smaller request

Lowball technique

getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment.

That’s-not-all technique

a sales technique in which the persuader makes an offer and then adds something extra to make the offer look better before the target person can make a decision

Learn more »

To every problem, it is said that there are solutions for each one of them.

Problem solving
-“process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways.”

There are a few ways to solve a problem. Some are;

The famous, Trial & Error
- problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found.
- this means that we keep on trying repeatedly until our effort works. In malay you can that is a form "tembak je la"

Algorithms  
- To solve a certain problem, a series of very specific step-by-step procedures need to be taken.
For example, to solve a Rubik's cube, there are a series of algorithms to solve the first, middle and last layer.

In life, there will come a point in time that this sentence will be used to you by your parents. Later on, you would too.

"I've already eaten more salt than you. I know better!"
This is because of heuristic.
- an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem. Also known as a “rule of thumb.”

Means-end analysis is a type of heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined. Then steps are taken to reduce the difference.
A game that test this the "Tower of Hanoi".

Ever had a "Eureka !" moment? You suddenly realized the the solution to that riddle your friend asked. This is actually what is called an "insight".

But there are barriers is solving problems.
-Functional fixedness
This is where a block to solve the problem occurs when you think that an object only for its typical function.

For example.

You ran out of candles. There's a blackout. You then found oranges ...

Tadaaaa!

-Mental set
This is where you have the tendency to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked in the past for a present problem.

-Confirmation Bias
-This is where you have the tendency to search for evidence that fit's only your belief and disregard those that don't fit in.

Sometimes, we can see this in supporting the act of smoking.
Some people focuses on the positive effects and totally push aside evidences about the cons of smoking.

Learn more »

The things that this starfish do makes you question "Does he even make use of his brain?". How does he even think acting that way. But we still love him. XD

Another word for thinking is "Cognition".

mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand

information and communicating information to others.

When you think of something, a mental representations that stand for objects or events and have a picture-like quality.

Try this.

Describe a ball. You would most probably imagine the shape and the pattern of the ball in your head.

What is your concept of time travelling?

Concepts
- ideas that represent or category of objects, events, or activities.

There are categories for this;

1. Superordinate concept.
- The most general form of concept.

2. Basic level type
- an example of a type of concept which other similar type of concepts are organised. Basically, a concept in a particular concept.

CONCEPTION !

1. Animal
2. Hamster

3. Subordinate concept
- The most specific part of a concept.
The type of hamster above is Roborovski

If we talk about Physics, there are concepts as well.

This type of concept is an example of  a formal concept.

Natural concepts are concepts that are the results of people's experience in the real world.

This game is awesome!

In terms of psychology, a prototype is an example of a concept that matches closely to the defining characteristics of a concept.

Learn more »

Well, it's a song for starters. A sad on too T_T.

what is AMNESIA?

some experts define them “deficit in memory caused by brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma.”

there are 2 types of amnesia, they are retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia.

retrograde amnesia is when you lost your past memory before the event occur

just like what Men in Black did

while anterograde amnesia is when you cannot memorize or form new long-term memories

to make it straight,

Learn more »

Remember the really first you fell down and scrapped your knees? No? Me too.

Maybe you have forgotten what you have learned in the previous semester. 

Wait, that's me only? Fine, leave me alone then!

On the other hand, most of remember crucial memories, like our first crush, can still be remembered.

me crush back in "Drake and Josh"

T_T Much pretty even after those years

Let's find out why.

Memory - an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

The memory is usually compared to the computer in terms of how they store memories.

The first iMac ( Last time your see your ex )

The 2014 version ( Now ... )

Processes of Memory:

Encoding - putting sensory information into the memory system (the brain’s storage systems).

Storage - keeping information in memory system.

Retrieval - pulling up information from memory.

To explain this better. Imagine if the brain is the worker shown, receiving and organizing "files of

information" received. The worker the n stores the "files" in a file. When requested later in the future,

the worker pulls out the file form the storage for usage.

Models of Memory

Information-processing model - 

model of memory that assumes the processing of

information for memory storage is similar to a computer which is in a

series of three stages.

Levels-of-processing model -

model of memory that assumes information that is more

“deeply processed,” or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or

physical characteristics of the word or words. 

This means, the significance of the

memory determines whether the memory will last longer or otherwise.

That Fall Out Boy concert is more memorable than that 3 hour Physic class.

Parallel distributed processing (PDP) model - 

a model of memory in which memory

processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural

connections. 

Imagine the memory is like a web. 

One string of web is link with another memory and there are a lot of associations in our

memory

Can you read this mate? You can? You can! 

Yay!!! I'm proud of you mate. You did well.

This prove that you have a good eyesight.

Sensory Memory

Iconic memory - visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second.

Capacity – everything that can be seen at one time.

Masking – information that has been entered into iconic memory will be pushed

out very quickly by new information

¨Echoic memory – auditory sensory memory; the brief memory of something a person has just heard.

Remembering a phone number by repeating it to hear the flow,

over and over.

Capacity - limited to what can be heard at any one moment and is smaller than the capacity of iconic memory

Duration – lasts longer that iconic — about 2 to 4 seconds

Remember this fish? No? Then you might be Dory xD.

Short-term memory (STM) 

- the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being

used.

- There's "selective attention". Basically, you have to choose which stimuli to

focus on to remember into the STM as well as Long-term Memory

- Chunking helps in remembering things easier because it's in a meaningful

grouping

- Maintainace rehearsal is needed to maintain memory in STM

Have you ever done cue cards before to prepare for exams? 

This baby helps a lot! Make effort in doing these.

How bout snapping your fingers when  you wanted to recall what is the name of your favorite

childhood cartoon?

Static Shock! I really want to re-watch the show.

Recall - the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external cues.

Retrieval cues – words, meanings, sounds, and other stimuli that are encoded at the same time as a new memory. For example, those cue cards.

When you fail to recall, it becomes the "tip of the tongue phenomenon" aka

Retrieval Failure 

Do you ever noticed that sometimes, it is easier to remember the lessons that you had learn when

your actually in class? That's due to "encoding" specificity". It occurs when the physical

surrounding around you becomes the retrieval cue.

For example, I remember the algorithm to solve the Rubik's cube much easier when I hold th cube

myself rather than without it.

That was really really fast ... T_T

State-dependent learning -  memories formed during a particular physiological or

psychological state will be easier to recall while in a similar state.

This is why it is easier to recall good memories when you're on top of the world. And you really feel

gutted when you are sad because all those dark past memories starts to haunt you.

Automatic encoding - tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term

memory with little or no effort for encoding. This means that you instantly remember something

without you wanting to remember at the first place. As example, the moment you're officially

married.

Flashbulb memories is a type of automatic encoding. It occurs because of a unexpected

event that has a strong emotion tied to it.

Learn more »

Operant Conditioning

Try to recall the time that your mother would reward you with toy that you will kill to have if you manage to get good grades for you tests. What about a cane to the hand when you were caught lying to her?

Without you realizing it, you are a great example of operant conditioning!

Operant conditioning - depends on consequences and involves reinforcements and punishments.

This conditioning involves reinforcement and punishment. Let’s get down to business.

Reinforcements

There are two types;

Positive reinforcements and negative reinforcements

Positive reinforcement is giving something pleasant to increase a wanted behaviour or an attitude. Thus, this increases the continuity of this behavior as a reward is given.

For further clarification, examples!

 A mouse will be given food when a lever is pulled. (To develop pulling the lever as a behaviour)

The teacher or your parents will praise you for doing your homework early.

Negative Reinforcement

Negative reinforcement is taking away something unpleasant as a result of the behavior that is acceptable. This time, is to remove something to increase a wanted behavior.

For example…

Personally, I’ve been bullied before in school. That really made me not even wanting to go to school. After reporting it and actions were taken, the bully stopped. I started to like school back when there are no more threats, name calling and physical abuse.

Shaping

Rome isn’t built in a day, right?

Shaping is all about changing behavior gradually, step by step.

For example, when training circus animals, a trainer cannot immediately expect them to voluntarily risk it’s life to become the first grilled lion by jumping throught a hoop of fire.

A lion jumping through a hoop should first be trained to stay in a hoop.Then walk through a hoop, hop through a hoop, and then, jump through a hoop while it is blazing with FIRE!!!

“Care to listen to the schedule, Master Bruce?”

Schedules of Reinforcement

—  Partial reinforcement effect - the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction.

—  Continuous reinforcement - the reinforcement of each and every correct response.

Fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement.

-The amount you need to achieve to get a reward is fixed.

 Variable schedules of reinforcement

-The amount you need to achieve to get a reward is not always the same.

Fixed interval schedules of reinforcement.

-Work for a set and constant amount of time, you would get a reward

We usually see this in games. Like Candy Crush. There is a “life” system. If you run out of lives, you cannot play. The game makes you wait for a specific amount of time to get those lives back.

 Variable schedules of interval

-The amount of time need to work for the reinforcement is changing to get the reward.

An example that I could give is waiting for a ride in the roller coaster. It could be a straight jump to the roller coaster or even 15 minutes of waiting to get on the ride.

Punishment

Punishments are events or objects that make a response less likely to happen again.

There also two types of punishment.

1. Punishment by Application

Punishment by application is also known as positive punishment. It involves the presence of an undesirable stimulus after a behavior. In simple words,

ADD UNPLEASANT STIMULI to REDUCE BEHAVIOR

Caning is great example

2. Punishment by Removal

Punishment by removal is known as negative punishment. It involves the removal of a pleasurable stimulus after a behavior. . In simple words,

REMOVE PLEASANT STIMULI to REDUCE BEHAVIOR

"Darkness, we meet again..."

How To Make Punishment More Effective

1. Punishment should follow the behavior it is meant to punish. The interval between the undesired behavior and the punishment should be small. This causes the person to associate the behavior with the unpleasant behavior.

2. Punishment should be consistent. If it’s not the person would not be scared and as guilty as the person should.

3. Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior. “Do you know why did you have to stand on your chair? It’s because you didn’t finish your homework! You should have done it earlier!” Seems familiar? You see, vintage example of including the proper behavior after the punishment.

Good old times...

“Do you know why did you have to stand on your chair? It’s because you didn’t finish your homework! You should have done it earlier!” Seems familiar? You see, vintage example of including the proper behavior after the punishment.

Cognitive Learning Theory

•  CLT is a learning that requires cognition which is thinking process.
•  Cognition in other words is the mental events that take place inside a person’s mind while behaviour could no longer be ignored.

Learned Helplessness

Basically, it is involves giving up, even when there is an opportunity to get out of a sticky situation after failing repeatedly for action to be done.

This is because the subject has learned even with any effort done; the subject thinks that failure is always the end result.

How do you even ... :(

On a personal example, I once tried skate boarding. I have the basics to skate but up until today, I am unable to perform an “Ollie” (a trick to jump with the board) because I have tried so many times before. Yet, I have never landed one properly and would almost fall for each attempt. Further attempts just make me feel that I would never be able to do one.

Latent Learning

-          is a learning that remains hidden until its application become useful.

A lot that we learn in class are latent learning which is in the form of theories. Later in life, we would use some knowledge that we had already learned and apply it in our daily lives.

 

You might know how to repair the sink in theory but you
have never done it before!

Insight also is one of the most popular behavior in psychology

• -          It is the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly and it cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone.
• This is usually seen when we are trying to solve mathematical problems. We need to understand the method need to be done because each problem is different.

Observational Learning

When you are a kid, ever felt that you could kick someone acrobatically like in those Chinese Kung Fu movies after your watched them?

Well, that is generally a type of observational learning.

Observational learning is learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

A child can be too aggressive after watching the video that shows people fighting with each other and they can be either way when they are watching the video with good values. This is because during the session, they are observing every action that came out in the video. This is called observational learning.

They observe what we do and then, they will try to do it. For example, when we are smoking in front of them, there is no doubt they will try smoking too.

I miss Toby as Spidey 

Personally, I still remember that as I got out from watching “Spiderman”, I tried to spray webs and swing from one destination to another. I even the hand gesture in hopes that webs would come out.

This can be proven through the experiment that had been conducted by Albert Bandura, Dorothea Ross, and Sheila Ross (1963). In this experiment, they asked two groups of children to watch films in which an adult or a cartoon character violently attacked an inflated ‘Bobo” doll. Another group watched a different film. They then left the children in a room with a Bobo doll. Only the children who had watched films with attacks on the doll attacked the doll themselves, using many of the same movements they had just seen.

To shape their actions and their minds, it shows that the children need a proper and good example as a model to be replicated.

Learn more »